25 June 2026, Volume 46 Issue 3
    

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    SPECIAL TOPIC ON DEEP-SEA MINERAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION
  • A Review on Development Trends and Research Status of Deep-Sea Mining Technology
    HUANG Zhangfeng, ZHANG Yunjia, SUN Jiazhao
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the investigation of the current development trends of deep-sea mining technologies, and in combination with the analysis of domestic and international literature and patent hotspots, three key technological fields of deep-sea mining were identified: collection, lifting, and surface support. Based on the systematic sorting of the core technologies in different fields, a review on the domestic and international research progress is presented in 10 core technologies, including ore crushing, ore collection, mining vehicle traveling, long-distance vertical pipeline transportation, anti-clogging and emergency escape for lifting pipelines, pump-free mineral transportation, underwater acoustic communication, mineral processing, launch and recovery, as well as heave compensation. A multi-dimensional quantitative assessment was conducted on China’s advantages and disadvantages compared to the international level in the overall field of deep-sea mining and the three key technological fields of collection, lifting, and surface support. Comprehensive analysis indicates that at the current stage, the main shortcomings of China’s deep-sea mining technologies include the low efficiency of core equipment, insufficient long-term reliability, inadequate understanding of deep-sea environmental disturbance mechanisms, and the lack of integrated coordinated operation in at-sea tests. The global challenges of deep-sea mining technology are mainly manifested in dynamic coordinated control under multi-field coupling, flow assurance and equipment reliability in long-distance vertical transportation, and environmental constraints and plume control. In the future, it is advisable for China to focus on breaking through core technologies, strengthening environmental impact assessment and monitoring, and conducting integrated system at-sea tests, so as to move toward the more systematical, smarter and eco-friendly technology, laying a foundation for China’s future participation in deep-sea resource exploitation.
  • Game over International Regulations on Deep-Sea Mining and Corresponding Countermeasures
    ZHANG Dan
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 20-25. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.002
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    By reviewing the formulation process of the Draft Regulations on Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area (short for the “Exploitation Regulations”) by the International Seabed Authority (ISA) and the US policies and legislations to unilaterally advance deep-sea mining in the international seabed area (short for the “Area”), this paper analyzes the game landscape of international legal regimes governing deep-sea mining from multiple perspectives, including core divergences over the Exploitation Regulations, differentiated interest demands of participating parties, and the impact of US unilateral practice. Based on the analysis results, some countermeasures are proposed, including promoting the ISA to optimize the review procedure of the Exploitation Regulations, petitioning the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to render an advisory opinion on the legality of US unilateral authorization of deep-sea mining in the Area, and actively applying for new exploration contract within the Area.
  • Numerical Simulation of Transport and Dispersion of Plume in Deep-Sea Mining: Progress, Challenges and Prospects
    HAO Zuoqian, DONG Meng, WANG Tao, BIAN Changwei
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 26-39. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.003
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    This paper reviews the research progress in numerical simulation of transport and dispersion of plumes generated during deep-sea mining. Based on the formation mechanisms of plumes, the differences between dynamics of collector plumes and midwater plumes are compared in terms of discharge, transport driven by buoyancy and passive advection. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of widely used near-field and far-field numerical frameworks in terms of applicable scales, computational efficiency, and physical accuracy, the parameterization methods for key physical processes are illustrated. Aiming at the bottleneck of insufficient deep-sea environmental data, the limitations and core challenges in current laboratory flume experiments and in-situ observations for model verification are further analyzed. On this basis, a prospect for the development direction are finally offered, including integration of artificial intelligence and advanced data assimilation techniques with establishment of standardized model evaluation framework.
  • A Path Planning Method Integrating Multi-Cost Constraints and Adaptive Smoothing for Deep-Sea Polymetallic Nodule Mining Vehicle
    PENG Weijie, WANG Chen, SU Longde, LU Xinshu
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 40-45. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.004
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the slope-climbing dynamic analysis of mining vehicles, models for traction, total resistance and sinkage were established with the characteristics of soft deep-sea sediment taken into consideration, and a passable slope threshold was also determined. An improved A* path planning algorithm is proposed, which integrates multi-cost constraints to optimize the search efficiency and path quality, and employs a redundant node removal method and Bézier curve fitting for the post-processing smoothing of the path. Simulation results show that, compared with the traditional A* algorithm, the proposed improved algorithm makes the total length of the path planned shortened by about 3% on average, reduces the travel time and energy consumption costs by over 60% on average, and decreases the total steering angle of the path by over 70% on average. It generates a global path with a lower comprehensive cost and smoother steering, effectively improving the safety and efficiency of deep-sea mining vehicle operations.
  • Evolution of International Rules for Deep-Sea Mining and China’s Countermeasures
    ZHOU Na, BI Zhiwei, YUAN Jian, WU Qiaosheng
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 46-53. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.005
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on sorting out all exploration contracts approved by the International Seabed Authority, progress in negotiations on exploitation regulations, and policy divergences among major countries, it is argued that controversies over deep-sea mining rules focus on environmental protection, benefit distribution, regulatory responsibilities and commercial feasibility. China has established a relatively complete resource layout in international seabed, and also solid technological foundation for deep-sea exploitation, yet still confronts with regulatory uncertainties, environmental pressure and constraints on commercialization. China shall actively participate in the formulation of international deep-sea mining rules, strengthen international cooperation, and coordinate resource security and ecological conservation, for promoting the commercial exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources.
  • Visual-Inertial Fusion Localization Algorithm for Escort Inspection Robots
    WANG Kaile, CHENG Yangrui
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 54-60. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.006
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A loosely coupled visual-inertial fusion positioning algorithm based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is proposed, which adopts a visual algorithm for relative pose estimation. It takes a mining vehicle as an observation target to acquire low-frequency and high-precision global coordinates, and then fuses these data with high-frequency global coordinate information from the inertial navigation system (INS). Simulation results show that compared with the INS, the proposed fusion algorithm leads to the average position error reduced from 1.309 m to 0.026 m for rectangular trajectory and from 1.749 m to 0.028 m for serpentine trajectory, indicating a remarkable improvement. Further experiments have verified the feasibility of the proposed algorithm, which provides technical support for cooperative operation of robots under complex deep-sea working conditions.
  • Development and Validation of a Dynamics Simulation Platform for Deep-Sea Mining Vehicles
    LIU Junlin, PENG Saifeng, ZHENG Hao
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 61-67. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.007
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the problems of high costs and significant risks associated with at-sea tests of a full-scale deep-sea tracked mining vehicle, as well as the difficulty of existing simulation platforms in balancing physical fidelity and computational real-time performance, a co-simulation platform was developed and validated based on Project Chrono and ROS 2. With Chrono as the physics solving core and ROS 2 as the communication framework, the platform integrates a soil contact model and the Morison hydrodynamic model. Validation results demonstrate that the error of the simulated initial sinkage relative to the theoretical value is 2.4%, and the tractive force-slip ratio curve yields a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98 when fitted with theoretical values. Under the optimal engineering mesh resolution, the Real-Time Factor (RTF) stabilizes between 1.2 and 1.5, meeting the requirements of hardware-in-the-loop testing. This platform is available foe secondary development and also boasts higher computational efficiency, making it superior to the  mainstream commercial softwares such as Adams and RecurDyn. Featuring both engineering-level physical fidelity and open-source extensibility, this platform provides a reliable virtual testing environment for the iteration of control algorithms and prior dynamic analysis of deep-sea mining equipment.
  • Dynamic Response Analysis of Fluid-Structure Interaction of Hard Riser in Dee-Sea Mining
    WANG Wei, SHUANG Zhi, ZHENG Hao, CHEN Shiping, WU Zhuo
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 68-74. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.008
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In order to explore the motion and structural response of the hard riser for lifting in deep-sea mining under the combined effect of external marine environment and internal coarse-particle solid-liquid two-phase flow, a numerical model of two-way fluid-structure interaction between the internal and external fluids in the hard riser was established, and the displacement and stress characteristics of the riser were calculated. The numerical calculation results show that nodule size has minor effect on the maximum stress and maximum displacement of the hard riser. By contrast, conveying concentration and flow rate can significantly increase both parameters. In addition, compared with the working condition without vessel motion, the maximum stress of the riser can rise by 21.7%－52.1%, and the maximum displacement can increase by 182.1% - 247.0% when vessel motion is taken into account, which indicates that vessel motion exerts a remarkable influence on the dynamic response of the hard riser.
  • Design and Test of Underwater Feeder for Deep-Sea Mining
    YU Guang’an, CAO Yang, LYU Hao, ZHAO Ruijie, DU Xinguang
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 75-81. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.009
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The working principle and structural design method of the underwater feeder for deep-sea mining is presented in the paper. The discrete element method (DEM) is adopted to conduct a full-process simulation analysis of the dynamic feeding process of the feeder, which has been verified by land-based tests and water tank tests. It is found that at the rated rotational speed of 35 r/min, the actual feeding rate of the designed feeder reaches 11.1 t/h, which satisfies the design index of greater than 10 t/h; an eccentric feed inlet design can effectively reduce the resistance torque; and the error between the DEM simulation results and the land-based test results is controlled within 2%. A water tank test shows that the overall mineral collection rate exceeds 90%, which further verifies the reliability of the device under continuous underwater operation. 
  • A Positioning Data Prediction Method for Deep-Sea Mining Vehicles Based on Physics-Informed Neural Networks
    ZHOU Zelong, CHENG Yangrui, MAO Guiting, PENG Saifeng
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 82-90. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.010
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To improve the positioning accuracy and real-time performance of deep-sea mining equipment in complex nonlinear environments, a positioning data prediction algorithm was proposed based on Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN). This method introduces the kinematic equations of deep-sea mining vehicle into the neural network structure, and achieves the synergistic fitting of sensor data and physical models by constructing a composite loss function integrating physical constraints. Furthermore, two test scenarios under different working conditions were constructed on the Gazebo simulation platform to systematically compare the prediction performance between the proposed PINN and a traditional Feedforward Neural Network (FNN). The results show that, compared with the FNN model, the PINN model reduces the mean absolute error (MAE) from 0.621 3 m to 0.128 3 m, the root mean square error (RMSE) from 0.674 0 m to 0.137 0 m, and the maximum error from 0.938 6 m to 0.196 2 m in working condition 1; while in working condition 2, the MAE is reduced from 0.823 9 m to 0.335 4 m, the RMSE from 0.935 2 m to 0.379 5 m, and the maximum error from 1.585 8 m to 0.640 2 m. PINN demonstrates significant advantages in extreme error control and robustness, exhibiting lower sensitivity to outliers under complex working conditions in particular.
  • Numerical Simulation and Analysis on Mesoscale Plume Evolution in Deep-Sea Mining
    XU Weijia, ZHAO Yong, ZHENG Hao, ZHANG Xiaorui
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 91-96. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.011
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    For the ecological risks of sediment plumes induced by deep-sea mining disturbances, a high-fidelity numerical simulation framework was developed based on the Navier-Stokes equations, integrating high-resolution 3D topography, seawater density stratification, unsteady tidal dynamics, and multi-scale circulation constraints. A typical seamount mining area southwest of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean was taken as the research subject, and the multi-stage coupled evolution mechanism of the plume from initial disturbance to long-range ocean current transport was revealed after Spearman data validation. The study found that, constrained by the complex seamount topography and the geostrophic deflection effect, the horizontal path of the plume deflects significantly and exhibits a rotational diffusion pattern, which prolongs the residence time of particulate matter in the local water body. Modulated by the flow-around dynamic field of the seamount and the rotational shear mechanism, the plume evolves from a near-field point source discharge into a far-field anisotropic stretching structure. Due to the inhibitory effect of the stable deep-sea density stratification, the plume spatially exhibits a hierarchical dilution pattern.
  • Wear Analysis of Hydraulic Lifting Elbow with CFD-DEM Coupling Method
    LI Peilin, WU Yang, SUN Jiazhao, HU Yingjie, MA Xinyu
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 97-105. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.012
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    Aiming at the erosion failure problem of 90° elbows in deep-sea mining systems, a study was carried out on the wear evolution mechanism under the coupling action of solid-liquid two-phase flow. In combining with the CFD-DEM two-way coupling method and analysis of variance (ANOVA), the influence weights of pipe-to-particle diameter ratio, initial fluid velocity, and particle shape on pipe wear were quantitatively evaluated. The results show that the influence of single factors on the maximum wear rate of the pipe is in the following descending order: pipe-to-particle diameter ratio > initial fluid velocity > particle shape; while the influence of multi-factor interactions on the maximum wear rate is also in the following descending order: initial fluid velocity and pipe-to-particle diameter ratio > particle shape and pipe-to-particle diameter ratio > initial fluid velocity and particle shape. With a lower pipe-to-particle diameter ratio, the elbow suffers severe overall wear, with peak wear concentrated in the middle section of the elbow; with a higher pipe-to-particle diameter ratio, the elbow has its peak wear presenting in the upstream impingement section, with the wear rate in the middle and rear sections of the elbow in an obvious declining trend.
  • Extraction of Manganese from Manganese Nodules via Coal-Based Reduction-Leaching Process and Analysis of Its Microscopic Mechanism
    XIONG Minye, XU Zhijian, SONG Yuhan, CHENG Zhenjin, PENG Yanmei, WANG Lian, WANG Yisheng, XIONG Xueliang
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 106-110. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.013
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    A process consisting of reduction roasting and sulfuric acid leaching was adopted to extract manganese from manganese nodules, and the microstructure evolution and phase transformation during the processes from raw ore, roasting to sulfuric acid leaching were explored. It is found that the reduction rate of manganese can reach 99.29% after 2 h reduction process at 750 ℃. After 6 h leaching with 0.5 mL/g of sulfuric acid at 60 ℃, the leaching rate of manganese is 90.53%. It is shown that part of manganese replaces iron to form acid-insoluble minerals such as jarosite and manganese-iron olivine, which are difficult to be leached out. This study provides a technical reference for preparing electrolytic manganese with low-grade manganese nodules.
  • Design of Wave Compensation Hoisting Device Test Bench
    XIAO Tibing, CHEN Wenjie, CAI Haidong
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 111-116. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.014
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To investigate the heave compensation capability of a wave compensation hoisting device, a simulation test bench for the hoisting device was built by using an ordinary hydraulic cylinder and an ordinary accumulator to replace dedicated compensation cylinders and accumulator, and a simulation model was then established based on AMESim. Experiments and simulations were performed to compare the compensation rate and energy consumption of the hoisting device under passive, semi-active and active compensation modes. In the passive compensation mode, the simulated compensation rate was 14.64% and the experimental value was 13.51%; in the semi-active compensation mode, the simulated compensation rate was 91.01% and the experimental value was 89.80%; the simulated compensation rate reaches 94.44% under the active compensation mode. Both simulation and experimental data prove that this alternative scheme can deliver high compensation rate with low energy consumption. It is regarded as a low-cost and efficient solution for testing wave compensation hoisting device, providing a verification platform for subsequent design and optimization of  wave compensation hoisting device.
  • Design and At-Sea Test of a Long-Term Monitoring Platform for Near-Bottom Deep-Sea Environment
    WANG Jianhua, ZHENG Hao
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 117-121. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.015
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the lack of long-term continuous monitoring methods for evaluating the impact of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining on the near-bottom (with height less than 1 m above the seafloor) ecological environment, a novel near-bottom long-term monitoring platform has been designed and developed. It adopts a passive self-righting design by a “upward-buoyancy and downward-gravity”, and has solved the problem of uncontrolled landing attitude during untethered deployment. A novel “sleep-wake” intermittent working mode was proposed to achieve long-term continuous monitoring under limited battery capacity. Deep-sea tests were successfully completed in Block A-5 of the Eastern Pacific. The at-sea test results show that the platform maintained a stable landing attitude and successfully acquired the pH value (average 7.50), flow velocity (average 0.003 3 m/s), and turbidity (1.17-1.25 FTU) of the near-bottom seawater during the testing period, verifying the reliability and effectiveness of the platform in the extreme deep-sea environment.
    • MINING
  • Optimization of Stope Structural Parameters for Deep Complex Orebodies Beneath Abandoned Open Pits
    QIAN Zhaoming, ZHENG Bin, ZHANG Laixin, OUYANG Jian, QIU Xianyang, CAO Rihong, SHI Xiuzhi
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 122-129. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.016
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the optimization of stope structural parameters for the deep complex geological orebody beneath the abandoned MSESA open pit in the DRC, an analytical method was proposed, integrating the 3D rock mass quality Q-value model and the Mathews stability graph method. Through rock mechanics tests, a 3D rock mass quality Q-value model of the mining area was constructed. Based on the Mathews stability graph method, the quantitative relationship between the stope hydraulic radius and the stability factor was established, and reasonable stope structural parameters under the condition of the critical allowable hydraulic radius were selected. The results show that for the area north of the +500 exploration line, where the sublevel open stoping with subsequent backfilling method is adopted, the structural parameters should be 35 m × 8 m × 45 m when the stope is arranged perpendicular to the strike under unsupported conditions, and 20 m × 9 m × 45 m when arranged along the strike. In the area south of the +500 exploration line, roof support is required and the optimal stope structural parameters should be 17 m × 8 m × 15 m.
  • Identification and Stability Analysis of Dangerous Blocks in Fractured Rock Bench Slopes
    LIANG Zhiyuan, CHEN Guangmu, ZHAO Xing, LI Qibin, WANG Junming, CHEN Qingfa
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 130-136. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.017
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The bench slope within the elevation range from +793 m to +817 m near Line 29 of the Dabaoshan open-pit slope in Guangdong was taken as the research object, and a 3D fracture network model of the slope was firstly established based on relevant geological data and was used to conduct a 3D deconstruction analysis of the rock mass structure of the bench slope. Thereby the data on the location and distribution of blocks within the slope body were obtained. Secondly, a 3D discrete fracture network model of the bench slope was constructed to analyze the displacement and deformation of the slope under the action of fractures and gravity, delineating the potential sliding areas of the bench slope. Thirdly, the dangerous block 1 and dangerous block 2 were identified by combining the block location and distribution information with the potential sliding areas. Finally, the stability of the dangerous blocks was analyzed using the stereographic projection method. The analysis results show that the dangerous block 1 may experience wedge sliding, while the dangerous block 2 may experience double-plane sliding but with a low probability. Since the overall stability of the slope is poor, it is recommended that a combined measure of grouting, anchor cables and lattice beams should be adopted for slope prevention and control.
  • Deterioration Laws of Mechanical Properties of Freeze-Thaw Andesite Under Different Confining Pressures
    DENG Yunteng, LIU Xuanze, FU Jun, ZHOU Han, CHEN An, FU Zheng
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 137-144. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.018
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the challenge of freeze-thaw instability of rock slopes in alpine mining areas, the andesite from a slope in a mining area in Ngari of Xizang was taken as the research object. Through freeze-thaw cycle tests, uniaxial compression tests, and triaxial compression tests, the deterioration laws of the mechanical properties of freeze-thaw andesite under different confining pressures were obtained. The results show that with an increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, both the compressive strength and shear parameters of the andesite exhibit a decreasing trend, and the deterioration degree gradually increases. Under unconfined conditions, the failure mode of the andesite evolves from splitting failure to mixed splitting-shear failure with an increase in the number of freeze-thaw cycles, accompanied by an increase in cracks. When confining pressure is applied, it enhances the compressive capacity of the rock to a certain extent. As the confining pressure increases, the failure mode gradually transitions from brittle failure to shear-slip failure. After a higher number of freeze-thaw cycles, radial crack propagation develops, accompanied by obvious spalling phenomena.
    • MINERAL PROCESSING
  • Experimental Study on New Reagents for Flotation of Low-Grade Copper-Sulfur Resource in Hubei Province
    ZHANG Huimin, YAO Zhaohui, YU Hong, ZHANG Hanquan, LIU Mingxia
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 145-150. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.019
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The iron tailings in Hubei contains 0.058% copper and 9.26% sulfur. It is recovered by bulk flotation followed by separation on site, but the flotation indices of copper and sulfur are unsatisfactory. In order to improve the comprehensive resource utilization rate, experiments on flotation with new reagents were carried out for such iron tailings. With tailings at a grinding fineness of -0.074 mm 64.81%, a bulk floatation was performed with a new collector Xiexin 930 and frother No. two oil; a separation flotation was conducted with activated carbon as an activator, Xiexin 950 as a copper collector, and slaked lime as a sulfur depressant added in stages. As a result, the experiment produced a copper concentrate grading 17.77% Cu at recovery of 60.07%, and a sulfur concentrate grading 38.16% S at recovery of 34.48%. Compared with the on-site reagent regime, the separation indices are improved, with recoveries increased by 17.60 percentage points and 12.28 percentage points, respectively. It is shown that copper and sulfur resources in such iron tailings can be effectively recovered. This experimental study can provide a theoretical reference for the efficient recovery of other similar low-grade ores.
  • Flotation Regulation Technology for Refractory Copper-Molybdenum Sulfide Ore in Yunnan
    YANG Bin, XIAO Shijie, JIANG Congguo, ZHANG Shuguang, YANG Weijiang, LIU Meihua, HU Longchen
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 151-155. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.020
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    Systematic process mineralogy studies were conducted on a refractory copper-molybdenum polysulfide ore in Yunnan, and a new collector KMC531 was developed according to its properties. The effect of KMC531 on its collection performance in copper and molybdenum was clarified. The results show that under optimized conditions, a closed-circuit flotation test on the raw ore assaying 0.28% Cu and 0.011% Mo yielded a copper-molybdenum bulk concentrate grading 23.51% Cu and 0.92% Mo with recoveries of 82.86% Cu and 86.17% Mo, indicating efficient enrichment of copper and molybdenum.
  • Prediction of Key Indices of Ilmenite Separation Based on Dry Magnetic Separator
    XIE Jiahao, LIU Yang, MA Chongzhen, ZENG Shanglin, LIU Hengfa, QI Shengyue, HU Kanglong, HUANG Tao, QI Ling, ZHANG Wenke
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 156-159. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.021
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    Aiming at the problems of accuracy in prediction of ore grade and recovery in dry magnetic separation process, a prediction model framework integrating XGBoost and Transformer was proposed. In this method, XGBoost is used to extract local features and enhance features via leaf node information, improving the representation ability of input data. Subsequently, Transformer employs a multi-head self-attention mechanism to explore global dependencies among features and strengthen the prediction performance of the model. The prediction results of dry magnetic separation of ilmenite show that the constructed integrated model outperforms SVR, XGBoost, BP neural network and standard Transformer in terms of prediction accuracy and generalization ability.
  • Beneficiation Test of High-Talc Complex Copper-Molybdenum Ore
    DENG Hong, WANG Xing
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 160-164. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.022
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    Beneficiation tests were conducted on a high-talc complex copper-molybdenum ore. Two process schemes were explored, including pre-flotation for talc removal and direct talc depression. The results show that partial talc can be removed by pre-flotation with tap water, and pre-flotation with plant recycling water leads to high loss rates of copper and molybdenum in froth products, failing to separate easily floatable gangue minerals from copper-molybdenum minerals. By adopting a new depressant TCM-596 for direct talc depression in flotation with recycling water, a closed-circuit test produced a copper-molybdenum bulk concentrate with Cu recovery of 81.60%, Mo recovery of 63.95%, and MgO content of 2.43%. This indicates that talc is depressed and effectively separated from copper-molybdenum minerals, actualizing efficient enrichment of the high-talc copper-molybdenum ore.
  • Beneficiation Experimental Research and Industrial Application of a Silver-Lead Polymetallic Ore in Henan Province
    SUN Jingmin, YANG Ning, HUANG Yehao, LI Cuifen
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 165-169. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.023
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    To enhance the economic benefits of a silver-lead polymetallic ore concentrator in Henan Province, a systematic study was conducted on flotation process optimization and reagent system innovation based on the analysis of silver occurrence state and the paragenetic relationship among carrier minerals through process mineralogy. The research outcomes demonstrate that by implementing a process flow consisting of two roughers, three cleaners and three scavengers, and substituting the conventional sodium sulfide with a composite depressant system consisting of sodium silicate and CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), the industrial production operates stably and continuously. As a result, the quality of lead concentrate is significantly improved, and the pricing coefficients of associated metallic elements are also enhanced simultaneously. The lead concentrate is obtained with Ag grade of 14 876.15 g/t at recovery of 87.77%, and Pb grade of 15.28% at recovery of 73.34%. Compared to the original reagent system, the Ag grade of the concentrate increases by about 4 923 g/t, while the recovery decreased slightly by 0.80 percentage points. The Pb grade of the concentrate increases by 5.05 percentage points and the corresponding recovery increases by 1.93 percentage points.
  • Experimental Study on Iron Beneficiation of a Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite Ore in Panxi Region
    JIANG Kebing
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 170-174. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.024
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    To achieve economical and efficient recovery of iron from the vanadium-titanium magnetite ore resources in a typical mining area of Panxi, a systematical process mineralogy analysis was conducted for representative and comprehensive ore samples from this area. On this basis, experimental studies were carried out, including pretreatment of coarse ore for tailings discarding, staged grinding and low-intensity magnetic separation (LIMS) processes. The results show that iron in the ore mainly occurs in titanomagnetite, which has a complex dissemination with ilmenite and gangue minerals. Moreover, exsolution textures such as fine-grained ilmenite lamellae are widely developed in titanomagnetite, which is the key factor restricting the improvement of iron concentrate grade. The comprehensive ore sample was processed by adopting a process of wet pre-discarding, three-stage staged grinding and three-stage LIMS, and an iron concentrate grading 57.98% TFe was obtained with a TFe recovery of 61.99%.
  • Experimental Study on Cu/Mo Separation of a Porphyry Copper Ore by ALC Mill Combined with Micro-bubble Flotation Machine
    CHEN Xuande, DONG Ming
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 175-179. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.025
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    An experiment was carried out for separating copper and molybdenum in a porphyry copper ore by adopting ALC mill in combination with a micro-bubble flotation machine. Firstly, the raw ore was ground with ALC mill to a P80 47 μm, and then subjected to a closed-circuit flotation consisting of one roughing, two cleaning and one scavenging with an appropriate reagent system, leading to the obtained molybdenum concentrate grading 47.25% Mo and containing 1.29% Cu, with recovery of 63.04% Mo. It is shown that a satisfactory separation of copper and molybdenum is actualized.
  • Experimental Study and Production Practice of  Lead-Zinc Ore from Henan
    DING Dasen, DONG Huaiqing, WEI Xiaogang
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 180-185. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.026
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    To improve mineral processing performance, experimental tests were carried out on the lead-zinc ore from Henan Province by adopting stepped flotation process, consisting of Pb-S bulk flotation, Pb/S separation, zinc sulfide flotation, lead oxide flotation and zinc oxide flotation. A small-scale closed-circuit test produced five products, including  qualified lead concentrate, zinc concentrate, sulfur concentrate, lead oxide concentrate and zinc oxide concentrate. The recommended flowsheet was applied into industrial trial production, and satisfactory processing indicators were achieved. It is shown that the utilization rate of mineral resources can be greatly improved by adopting this technique.
    • METALLURGY
  • Preparation of Functionalized SY-MOF-1 Composites and Their Application in Lead Removal from Soil
    PANG Shuwei, CHENG Quanguo, ZHAO Yong
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 186-191. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.027
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    SY-MOF-1 composites with distinctive structures and properties were successfully synthesized using precursors containing hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino and other functional groups. The effects of SY-MOF-1 composites with different functional groups on lead removal from soil were investigated. The results reveal that surface functional groups, specific surface area and pore structure of the functionalized all composites all change remarkably, providing abundant adsorption sites for lead ions. The functionalized SY-MOF-1 composites were used in the remediation of lead-contaminated soil, and the optimal adsorption conditions were determined as follows: solution pH of 6, reaction temperature of 25 ℃ and reaction time of 20 min. It is found that under such conditions, SY-MOF-1-AMP presents a higher adsorption capacity for lead in soil, reaching 146.5 mg/g. The adsorption process of lead onto functionalized SY-MOF-1 composites conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, indicating that the adsorption is dominated by chemical adsorption and features monolayer adsorption. The functionalized SY-MOF-1 composites exhibit excellent performance in the remediation of lead-contaminated soil. It can serve as an efficient material and a feasible technical route for the treatment of lead-polluted soil, thus possessing promising application prospects.
  • Efficient Arsenic Removal by Co-disposal of  Low-Grade Tin Middlings and Lead Smelting Flue Dust
    WANG Chongyu, WANG Zebin, LI Lei
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 192-198. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.028
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    A novel processing technique for efficient arsenic removal by collaborative roasting of low-grade tin middlings and lead smelting flue dust is proposed in this study. It is shown that FeAsS, the arsenic-bearing phase in tin middlings, decomposes into elemental As and FeS during roasting. These decomposition products can reduce arsenate phases in lead smelting flue dust into volatile As2O3, thereby realizing high-efficiency arsenic removal. With an addition of lead smelting flue dust at an amount of 30%, roasting at 700 ℃ for 90 min can lead to the arsenic removal rate reaching 94.73%. 
  • Preparation of Mn3O4 for Lithium Batteries by Suspension Oxidation of Manganese Metal Powder
    SU Youquan, ZHANG Ni, XUE Xingyong, LAN Lihong, LU Yanyue, RUAN Ji, YAN Guanjie, HAN Yaocong
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 199-203. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.029
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Mn3O4 for lithium-ion batteries was synthesized by suspension oxidation using metallic manganese powder. The effects of experimental conditions, including ammonium chloride concentration, ammonia concentration, solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature, air flow rate and stirring speed, on the particle size and tap density of Mn3O4 were investigated. The results show that under the optimal conditions, including ammonium chloride concentration of 6 g/L, solid-liquid ratio of 0.3∶1, reaction temperature of 70 ℃, air flow rate of 700 mL/min, and stirring speed of 400 r/min, the as-prepared product is spinel-type Mn3O4 with quasi-spherical particles, which has a D50 particle size of 9.69 μm, tap density of 2.82 g/cm3, specific surface area of 0.399 m2/g, and manganese content of 71.5%. The contents of impurity elements such as S, Fe and Ca therein all meet the requirements in Manganese Tetroxide for Lithium Batteries (YB/T 4736—2019).
  • Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty in Determining Gold Content in Gold Ore by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
    XU Bin, LIU Chunyan, YANG Binghong, PENG Ying, LIU Yanhua, YANG Lin, ZHANG Zhiyong
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 204-209. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.030
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    In accordance with GB/T 20899.1－2019, a mathematical model was established to analyze and calculate uncertainties from various sources in determining gold content in gold ores by fire assay combined with atomic absorption spectroscopy. Based on the combined calculation, it is shown that when the gold content of the ore samples is 2.28 g/t, the standard uncertainty of this method is 0.04 g/t, and with a coverage factor k = 2, the expanded uncertainty is 0.08 g/t. Comparison of uncertainty contributions indicates that repeatability of sample measurement and standard curve fitting are the major influencing factors. Therefore, it is recommended that measuring instruments should be kept in optimal condition, and the number of replicate measurements be increased to reduce measurement uncertainty.
  • Tartaric Acid Leaching of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries
    WU Zhanxin, LI Wubin, LI Yong, HU Zhitong, QIN Fajie
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 210-213. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.031
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    With cathode powder of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries as raw materials,  selective lithium leaching was conducted in a tartaric acid - hydrogen peroxide system. The results indicate that stirring speed and liquid-solid ratio bring slight impact to the leaching rates of lithium and iron, while mass concentration of tartaric acid, leaching temperature and leaching time present remarkable influences. And hydrogen peroxide concentration mainly governs the iron leaching rate. Under the following optimal conditions, including mass concentration of tartaric acid of 150 g/L, stirring speed of 500 r/min, liquid-solid ratio of 6, leaching duration of 3 h, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 3 mol/L and leaching temperature of 70 ℃, the leaching rates of lithium and iron are 98.7% and 4.5% respectively. After the processes of evaporation, concentration and purification, the lithium leachate is subjected to carbonate lithium precipitation, yielding a lithium carbonate product with favorable crystallinity.
  • Copper Extraction with LIX984N-C from Sulfuric Acid System
    ZHANG Zhibing, LIU Wei, WANG Zhenyin, LI He, LIU Weiping, LI Xiangliang, SHEN Jinling, WANG Wei
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 214-218. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.032
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    The copper extraction isotherm of 15% LIX984N-C organic phase system was plotted via the phase ratio variation method. The number of extraction stages was determined by the McCabe-Thiele graphical method, and the key factors affecting copper extraction were investigated. The results show that the maximum saturated copper loading capacity of 15% LIX984N-C organic phase is 10.65 g/L, which is basically consistent with the reference value of product specifications. With feed copper mass concentration of 8.4 g/L and phase ratio of 2∶1, a two-stage continuous extraction in the 15% LIX984N-C organic phase can meet the production requirements, with the copper concentration in raffinate controlled below 0.2 g/L and the copper extraction efficiency exceeding 97.86%. Under the following conditions, including both the extraction flow ratio and stripping flow ratio at 2∶1, stripping acidity of 180 g/L, feed copper mass concentration of 8 g/L and feed acidity of 7 g/L, the copper extraction efficiency reaches 98.51% and an average net organic loading is 2.72 g/L. It is verified that LIX984N-C extractant possesses excellent comprehensive extraction performance, which can provide technical references for the practical production with copper hydrometallurgical process.
  • Leaching Behavior of Valuable Metals and Arsenic Removal from Copper Smelting Dust
    WU Lun, HUO Chengli, ZHANG Guixiong, LIU Zejun, JIANG Kaixi, HE Zhen, WANG Meili, NI Xinxin, DENG Rongdong
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 219-225. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.033
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A two-stage sulfuric acid leaching coupled with iron salt arsenic precipitation process was proposed to recovery valuable metals from copper smelting dust. The effects of initial mass concentration of sulfuric acid, liquid-solid ratio, reaction temperature and leaching system on the leaching rates of various metals in the first-stage leaching were systematically investigated; the effects of initial sulfuric acid concentration in the second-stage leaching on the total leaching rates of each metals were also studied under atmospheric pressure and oxygen pressure conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, the effects of different oxidants on the precipitation rates of arsenic and iron were explored for arsenic removal from leachate. It is found that the first-stage leaching at 70 ℃ for 2 h, with a single sulfuric acid system at an initial mass concentration of 50 g/L and a liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL/g, can bring the leaching rates of arsenic, copper, zinc and indium at 82.11%, 75.77%, 60.23% and 5.76%, respectively. And the second-stage leaching, performed at atmospheric pressure at 95 ℃ for 2 h with sulfuric acid at an initial mass concentration of 150 g/L and a liquid-solid ratio of 4 mL/g, results in the total leaching rates of zinc, copper, indium and arsenic up to 98.84%, 93.31%, 95.55% and 82.14%, respectively. With an oxygen flowrate of 250 mL/min, pH value of 1.5, Fe and As in a molar ratio of 1, the precipitation rates of arsenic and iron can reach 84.00% and 78.00%, respectively after 2 h reaction at 90 ℃. It is concluded that the proposed process can achieve efficient leaching of valuable metals and arsenic stabilization, providing technical support for clean treatment of flue dust.
  • Preparation of Metallized Pellets by Pre-reduction of Titanium Concentrate and Their Compressive Strength Properties
    LIU Baobao, PENG Zhonghui, HE Dongsheng, ZHANG Bo, LIU Changmiao, YANG Qiu, TANG Yuan
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 226-231. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.034
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    An experimental study was conducted on preparation of metallized pellets by agglomeration and pre-reduction of titanium concentrate, for investigating the effects of carbon particle size, carbon dosage, roasting temperature and roasting time on the compressive strength and metallization rate of the pellets. The results show that the raw material is mainly composed of ilmenite with a small amount of magnetite, in which the size fraction of -69 μm accounts for approximately 91.39%, indicating that the material is fine-grained, and has favorable pelletizing performance. It is found that with carbon particle size of -1 mm (unclassified) and addition of carbon at 10%, both the green and fired pellets meet the process requirements in terms of compressive strength. On this basis, after roasting and reduction at 1 200 ℃ in a vacuum furnace for 30 min, qualified pellets with compressive strength of 1 224.60 N/P and a metallization rate of 50.48% can be obtained, which can meet the raw material requirements of electric furnace smelting and separation process. Within the experimental range, appropriately increasing the roasting temperature, prolonging the roasting time, and increasing the carbon addition are all beneficial to improving the metallization rate of pellets.
  • Feasibility Study on Iron Extraction from Iron Concentrate of Red Mud by Sintering and Pyrometallurgical  Process
    LIN Ying, GAO Jianjun, WANG Feng, WU Bingqiang, WU Wei
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 238-243. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.036
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    An innovative technical route consisting of sintering and pyrometallurgical processing technique was proposed to extract iron from an iron concentrate of red mud. The results show that under the following optimal sintering conditions for high-alumina iron concentrate, including fuel ratio of 12%, moisture content of 18.5%－19.0%, and basicity (R2) of approximately 4.85 (with quicklime as flux),the obtained sinter has its metallurgical properties meet the requirements of small-scale smelting equipment. To improve the fluidity of final high-alumina slag from blast furnace smelting, 17% calcium oxide is added for modification, leading to the viscosity of the slag down to 0.61 Pa·s at 1 450 ℃. As a result, an efficient slag-iron separation can be actualized. Such slag can be used to prepare premelted slag or synthetic slag. Compared with conventional technique for iron recovery from red mud, this process is characterized by a short flow, low cost and large processing capacity. This research provides a theoretical basis for resource utilization of red mud by using solid waste smelting furnaces and laboratory-scale blast furnaces.
    • MATERIALS
  • Dynamic Mechanism of Gas-Solid Chlorination Process for Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathode Material
    LIU Hongbing, XIONG Yizhi, ZHOU Xiaoping, CHEN Tao, YANG Hui, WANG Jiexi, CHEN Jie, LIU Weisai
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 244-250. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.037
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A processing technique of gas-solid chlorination combined with water leaching was adopted for systematically investigating the phase evolution of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode material during recycling, and the dynamic mechanism of lithium extraction via gas-solid chlorination of spent LFP cathode material was also clarified. It is found that the chlorination reaction of spent cathode material can proceed spontaneously in thermodynamics, and lithium can be converted into water-soluble phases through the gas-solid chlorination process. Under the optimized conditions of gas-solid chlorination, including reaction temperature of 150 ℃ and reaction time of 156 min, LiFePO4 is almost completely transformed into FePO4 and LiCl by water leaching, presenting a leaching rate of lithium at 99.09%, while the leaching rates of iron, phosphorus and aluminum just 0.089%, 0.078% and 0.339%, respectively. This process actualizes efficient and highly selective leaching of lithium. Meanwhile, the crystal structure and morphology of FePO4 are well maintained during chlorination and water leaching, providing a stable precursor for the subsequent solid-phase synthesis and regeneration of lithium iron phosphate.
  • Regulating Pre-oxidation and Coating in Resin-Based Hard Carbon: Mechanism Insight and Sodium Storage Performance
    TANG Gang, WANG Yanhua, LI Danyang, HE Luhua
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 251-255. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.038
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    The effects of pre-oxidation and coating on the structure and sodium storage performance of resin-based hard carbon were investigated. The study reveals that the combined regulation of pre-oxidation and coating can effectively modify closed pores, graphite microcrystals and defect structures of hard carbon, thereby increasing available sodium ion storage and reversible deintercalation/intercalation sites. The as-synthesized hard carbon delivers a discharge capacity of 399 mAh/g at 0.1C rate, with an initial Coulombic efficiency of 87.3%，and retains 96.4% of this capacity after 50 cycles, which can satisfy the demand of sodium-ion batteries for hard carbon materials with high initial efficiency and long cycling life.
  • Pulsed Discharge for Reduction of Graphene Oxide and Its Oil-Water Separation Properties
    JIANG Peiyu, CHANG Weichun, TANG Xiuzhi, Gou Zenian
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 256-260. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.039
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Conventional graphene reduction techniques feature high toxicity and energy consumption. To address those problems, a rapid reduction strategy for graphene oxide (GO) using pulsed discharge was proposed. A  GO reduction is achieved at an instant high temperature induced by second-scale high-energy pulse at ambient temperature, yielding pulse reduced graphene oxide (PGO). It is confirmed that PGO has a high degree of reduction (C/O atomic ratio of 18.50), its specific surface area (506.46 m2/g) is 7.66 times that of GO; PGO has excellent hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 112.70°), and can efficiently separate diverse oils from water, which can be applied in continuous separation process.
  • Progress in Iron-Aluminum Separation Technologies in Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Recycling 
    LUO Biyun, YAN Qunxuan, TAN Qunying, CHEN Jiaxin, HUANG Xiujiao, XU Bin
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 261-267. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.040
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the existing removal routes of aluminum impurities during the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, the recycling process is divided into two major stages: removal of a large amount of aluminum via separation and sorting, and elimination of trace aluminum by hydrometallurgical process. This paper comprehensively reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various emerging technologies in terms of impurity removal efficiency, selectivity, residual aluminum content, economic performance and environmental impact. The future research trends are also prospected, for providing theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of spent LFP materials and green transformation of the industry.
  • Research Progress and Prospect on Modification of Carbon-Based Electrodes for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
    ZHOU Haikun, TAN Xin, ZHANG Mengqin, WANG Wei, HOU Ximing, DU Ke
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 268-278. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.041
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    The modification strategies of carbon-based electrodes applied in all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) is reviewed, and the effects of various modification methods on improving battery performance are discussed, aiming to provide guidance for the future development of VRFB technology.
  • Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CoCrW Alloy Fabricated by Laser Wire Deposition on Steel for Logistics Vehicles
    LI Lu
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 279-283. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.042
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    To enhance the strength and hardness of steel used in logistics vehicles, CoCrW alloy samples were fabricated on the surface of steel substrates by laser wire deposition technology, and direct aging treatment was adopted to induce carbide precipitation. The effects of aging treatment on the phase composition, microhardness and tensile properties of the alloy were analyzed through microstructure observation and mechanical property tests. 
    The results show that the as-deposited sample is composed of single γ-Co solid solution, and aging treatment promotes the partial transformation of γ-Co solid solution to ε-Co solid solution. In addition, Cr23C6 carbides are precipitated inside the CoCrW alloy after aging treatment and are uniformly distributed in the matrix. The second phase strengthening effect derived from carbides significantly improves the microhardness of the as-deposited sample, with an average microhardness of (534±17.6)HV, which is increased by about 0.4 times after aging treatment. The tensile strength and the elongation of the as-deposited sample are about (787±16) MPa and (16.6±0.45)%, respectively, while those of aged sample reach (1 318±10.7) MPa and (11.74±0.33)%, respectively. The tensile strength is elevated by approximately 0.67 times after aging. The enhancement in tensile strength is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of second-phase precipitation strengthening caused by carbide precipitation, strengthening of the matrix induced by HCP phase transformation and grain refinement strengthening.
  • Composition Design and Electrochemical Properties of AB5-Type Hydrogen Storage Alloys for Negative Electrode of Automotive Nickel Hydrogen Batteries
    FAN Qingke, MENG Qinghua, WANG Kexin
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 284-290. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.043
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    To improve the electrochemical properties of AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy used as negative electrodes of Ni-MH batteries, La0.58Ce0.20Zr0.02Sm0.2(Ni0.85Co0.03Mn0.05Al0.07)5+x（x=0、0.10、0.15、0.30、0.45） hydrogen storage alloys were prepared by medium-frequency induction vacuum melting method, and the effect of x value on the phase structure and electrochemical properties of hydrogen storage alloys was systematically investigated. The results show that hydrogen storage alloys with different x values are mainly composed of main  LaNi5 phase and Ni2MnAl phase. As x increases from 0 to 0.45, the abundance of LaNi5 phase first increases and then decreases; lattice parameter a decreases gradually; c first increases and then decreases; c/a ratio rises gradually; and cell volume presents a decreasing trend. The hydrogen desorption plateau pressures of alloy electrodes with x ranging from 0 to 0.45 meet the requirement of 0.01-0.5 MPa for negative electrode materials of automotive Ni-MH batteries. With the increase of x, the maximum discharge capacity Cmax decreases sequentially, while the capacity retention rate S100 increases first and then decreases. The alloy electrode with x=0.15 exhibits optimal comprehensive properties: Cmax of 313.2 mAh/g, S100 of 94.69%, and high-rate discharge ability HRD3 000 of 60.35% at discharge current density of 3 000 mA/g. The high-rate discharge performance of hydrogen storage alloy electrodes with different x values is determined by both charge transfer rate and hydrogen diffusion rate.
  • Effect of Homogenization Process on Microstructure Evolution ofAl-Zn-Mg-(Cu) Alloys for 3C Products
    LI Jun, ZOU Guotong, YE Lingying, JIANG Keda, FAN Shitong
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2026, 46(3): 291-297. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2026.03.044
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    Homogenization treatment under different conditions were carried out for Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu) alloys applied to 3C products, and the end-quenching method and DSC measurement were adopted to investigate the effect of homogenization cooling rate on microstructure. It is found that the optimal homogenization regime is 470 ℃ for 2 hours plus 510 ℃ for 18 hours. Under these conditions, low-melting eutectic phases such as AlZnMg and MgZn2 are completely eliminated, while the area fraction of refractory phases like AlFeSi and AlFeMnSi significantly decreases. During the homogenization cooling, MgZn2 phase precipitates along grain boundaries when the cooling rate is lower than 11 ℃/s. With the cooling rate of 0.083-0.833 ℃/s, the MgZn2 phase precipitates both at grain boundaries and inside grains, the initial precipitation temperature of MgZn2 phase ranges from 417 ℃ to 451 ℃, and the termination temperature ranges from 311 ℃ to 355 ℃.
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