30 June 2025, Volume 45 Issue 3
    

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    MINING
  • Analysis of Technology Trends for Environmental Monitoring and Protectionin Deep-Sea Mining Based on Patent Literature Retrieval
    JIA Yonggang, ZHANG Zhicheng, ZHUO Xiaojun, ZHENG Hao, DUAN Xiaoying, LIU Yuwei, ZHU Xianming, FAN Zhihan
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In order to accurately know the progress in frontier technologies and research hotspots in environmental monitoring and protection during deep-sea mining, after the patents and academic literature from January 1, 2005 to April 14, 2025 in the filed of deep-sea mining were retrieved with IncoPat and Web of Science, a statistical analysis was performed with bibliometric methods for542 published patents and 469 academic literature, and then the development trend in this field was also discussed. It is shown that a synchronous increase in both patents and academic literature highlights the support of basic research for technological innovation. By formulating corresponding policies and through institutional collaboration, China hasshifted its place from following others to keeping pace and even leading the pack in theoretical research. China has also put emphasis on the technologies of environmental monitoring and protection in its scientific research on deep-sea mining, and established a technical system and theoretical framework with in situ observation technologies for environmental impacts during deep-sea mining at the core. As a result, the research perspective has shifted toward understanding of complex system mechanisms. In the future, the environmental monitoring and protection system for deep-sea mining will be composed of four core modules, including environmental monitoring, environmental assessment, environmental management and environmental protection, and form an ecological risk supervision and management framework through the whole mining process, which will also becontinuallyupdated.
  • Effect of Joints on Blasting-Induced Failure Characteristics of Rock Mass
    SHI Tianzhen, YANG Qitao, DAI Zhouchao, LI Qiyue, HUANG Haixian, CUI Xuejiao, MA Jingjing
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 8-11. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.002
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Several pieces of hard paper with different numbers, dip angles and widths were embedded into specimens to simulate structure of closed joint in rock masses and prepare rock mass models with different joints. Effect of joints on blast-induced failure characteristics of rock mass was analyzed with a high-speed camera and a 3D laser scanner, so as to explore the rules of crack propagation and fragment size distribution during rock blast. It is found that joints can disperse blasting energy and hinder crack penetration, leading to a decrease in the average size of blast-induced fragments as the number of joints increases. Wider joints can make diffraction and reflection of stress waves much more complicated, intensify energy dissipation, and also hinder crack propagation; while joints with small width are prone to make blast-induced fragments smaller in size. The interaction between joint dip angle and the propagation direction of the blast stress wave can significantly affect the crack propagation mode, and excessively large dip angles can easily hinder stress wave propagation.
  • Analysis of Erosive Wear Characteristics of Backfill Slurry on Reducing Bends
    WANG Yongjun, HU Dongxiang, ZHENG Hui, WANG Zhongchang
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 14-21. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.003
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    As for backfill slurry transported through reducing bends, the effect of bend angle, inlet flow velocity, mass fraction and average particle size of slurry, mass flow rate, particle shape factor and particle impact angle on the erosive wear of reducing bends were analyzed with Fluent software. The results show that the inlet flow velocity of slurry exerts the most significant impact on the erosion-prone areas of pipeline. With the inlet flow velocity up from 0.8 m/s to 2.0 m/s, the erosion rate in the erosion-prone areas of the pipeline surges approximately 43 times. The average particle size of the slurry ranks second in terms of its impact on the pipeline's erosion-prone areas, while the bend angle and particle impact angle have relatively minor effects. It is found that the erosion rate in pipeline is related to the kinetic energy of slurry; the greater the kinetic energy of the slurry, the more severe the erosion. The erosive wear locations of pipeline are primarily distributed at the inlet, the inner and outer wall surfaces of the bend, and reducing section and the straight section to the elbow, with the connection between the reducing section and the outlet section worn most severely.
  • Threshold Model for Rainfall-Induced Landslides in Yuanma Basin
    LONG Changcong, LI Junwei, JIANG Xin, WANG Jin, DUAN Yanping
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 22-28. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.004
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    As for rainfall-induced landslides in Mayang, Yuanling and Luxi counties within the red-bed region of the Yuanma Basin in Hunan Province, a correlation between landslides and rainfall were analyzed. Based on the E-D threshold model, the daily rainfall (R) was introduced as a third indicator to construct an E-D-R threshold model, thereby rainfall thresholds were determined for the Yuanma Basin. The study area was divided into warning units with the Thiessen Polygon method, enabling a county-level, unit-based graded warning response. The results show that the period from four days before a landslide to the day of the landslide represents the critical rainfall period for inducing landslides in the Yuanma Basin, and it is deemed appropriate for the effectiveness coefficient (α) of the rainfall to be 0.5. Compared to the two-dimensional E-D threshold model, the three-dimensional E-D-R threshold model demonstrates higher precision and offers greater accuracy and reliability in landslide risk assessment. The grid-based and refined division of warning units not only enhances the refined management and control capabilities of meteorological warnings for landslide disasters, but also facilitates unit-specific differentiated warnings in future forecasting by integrating predicted rainfall and rain information.
  • Causesand Management Scheme of Slope Collapse atBench Merging Section in Open-Pit Mines#br#
    #br#
    LIU Yang, LI Jing, ZHANG Changsuo, JIANG Ke
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 29-34. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.005
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    As for the slope collapse at bench merging section in an open-pit mine, engineering geological analysis, analysis with stereographic projection and mechanical analysis were employed to comprehensively explore the main factors inducing slope collapse. Based on the causes and instability characteristics of slope collapse, a management scheme was proposed and thoroughly demonstrated. The results show that the collapse of bench slope occurs under the combined effects of rainfall infiltration and excavation at bench merging section, and induced effects of rock mass properties and weathering fracture surfaces. A management scheme of “gravity retaining wall foot pressure + gravel soil backfilling + shotcrete and rock bolt support” was proposed. The overall stability coefficient of the slope after management is 1.39, meeting the safety standard requirements.
  • Feature Extraction and Flow Pattern Recognition of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Based on Improved Wavelet Thresholding
    CHEN Li, DU Yanlian, PENG Fusen, HAN Zhenhua, RUAN Rongqian, SHEN Yijun
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 35-43. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.006
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Wavelet analysis was performed for the collected pressure signals of gas-liquid two-phase flow in a vertical pipe in an air lift test. The optimal wavelet basis functions were determined by improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The range of decomposition levels was determined based on changes in energy of detail coefficients, and optimal decomposition levels were determined by the entropy weight method together with SNR, root mean square error and smoothness. After denoise with wavelet thresholding, three-level decomposition of signal was performed with the wavelet packet method, and then flow patterns were identified for gas-liquidtwo-phase flow with the energy ratio in the 1st and 2nd frequency bands and entropy values as feature vectors. The flow pattern recognition based on 389 sets of pressure signals shows that the extraction feature vector combined with random subspace decision tree can efficiently identify and classify gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns, and the overall mean recognition rate is up to 98.08% by adopting the improved wavelet thresholding.
  • Application of Six-Directional Triangular Mesh with Weak Velocity Discontinuity Line Characteristics in Slope Stability Analysis
    YU Xiaojun, QIN Aohan, FAN Jiazhi, YANG Ying, YANG Feng, ZHAO Lianheng
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 44-51. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.007
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the issue of volumetric locking encountered in the slope stability analysis with three-node triangular elements in upper bound finite element method (UBFEM), a six-directional triangular mesh (P6) with weak velocity discontinuity line characteristics was proposed based on the mechanical equivalence effect between velocity discontinuity lines and conjugate triangular elements located in the same position. The P6 is utilized in conjunction with a six-node triangular (T6) element in UBFEM for slope stability analysis. The results show that the potential slip surface of the slope obtained using the P6 combined with T6 elements is clearly defined, with a smooth transition in dissipated energy density. As the mesh density increases, the effect of weak velocity discontinuity lines strengthens, leading to an improved accuracy in the upper bound solution of the slope stability coefficient (Ns). With the combined influences of factors such as the internal friction angle and slope gradient into consideration, the upper bound solutions of Ns obtained with P6 outperform those from three-directional triangular meshes and Delaunay triangular meshes. The uniform mesh generated by the P6 UBFEM in a single computational framework yields favorable results, facilitating batch processing operations such as strength reduction upper bound analysis. Additionally, its application scope can be extended by integrating it with adaptive mesh refinement techniques.
  • Performance and Microscopic Mechanism of Phosphogypsum-Modified Grouting Material
    YE Kun, ZHANG Qunli
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 52-56. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.008
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To explore the mechanism of phosphogypsum in modification of grouting materials for mines, grouting materials were prepared with different proportion of ingredients. Performance indicators including fluidity, permeability, strength parameters and leaching rates of heavy metals were analyzed, and the microscopic mechanism of phosphogypsum-modified grouting material was also explored with scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results show that an addition of phosphogypsum in grouting materials can not only actualize effective utilization of resource, but also improve fluidity of grouting material. It is shown that by adding 30% of phosphogypsum, the grouting material exhibits better fluidity and impermeability, significantly enhanced compressive and flexural strength, and reduced leaching rates of heavy metals. Furthermore, phosphogypsum can promote secondary hydration reaction, leading to more calcium-silicate-hydrate gel, which thereby can improve structural stability and engineering performance of grouting material.
  • Evaluation of Foundation Pit Slope Stability Based on Unascertained Measure Theory and Euclidean Distance Discriminant Method
    YU Kunpeng, ZHANG Haixing, HUANG Panheng, YU You, HE Bin, CHEN Shunman
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 57-62. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.009
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on the unascertained measure theory, ten influencing factors, including hydrological and engineering geological conditions, slope height, slope gradient, foundation pit depth, drainage facilities, adjacent loads, distance from adjacent loads to the pit edge, maximum daily rainfall, support method and construction method, were selected. The weight of each indicator was determined by using the entropy weight method, and an unascertained measure theory model for a certain foundation pit slope was established. Then the slope's stability level was determined by adopting Euclidean distance discriminant method. The results indicate that when there is heavy rainfall and both drainage facilities and support methods are poor, the foundation pit slope is instable. When there is no rainfall and both drainage facilities and support schemes are good, the slope is relatively stable. It is shown that drainage facilities and support schemes have a significant impact on slope stability. Field monitoring data show that the evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation, demonstrating high reliability of the proposed unascertained measure theory and Euclidean distance discriminant method for evaluating foundation pit slope stability.
  • Experimental Study on Diffusion Characteristics of Sediment Plumes in Still Water During Deep-Sea Mining
    LIU Zelin, CHEN Shiping, ZHENG Hao, WU Xiang, RAO Qiuhua
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.010
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A numerical simulation model was established with Fluent software to analyze the disturbance effect of a subsea collector vehicle on seabed sediments, and the generation mechanism of seabed sediment plumes was analyzed. A large-scale tank experiment on diffusion of sediment plume was conducted to investigate the morphological characteristics and concentration variation rule of sediment plume under different initial mass concentrations. The results show that seabed sediment plumes are created mainly by the disturbance due to the movement of a collector vehicle. The overall morphological characteristics of such sediment plume under different discharge concentrations are roughly similar, and the diffusion of sediment plumes can undergo three stages: initial discharge, primary settlement and diffusion, and re-settlement and diffusion. The plume concentration also varies in the following three steps: rapid rise, rapid decline, and slow decline before stabilization.
  • Influence of Pillars in Drifting Chamber on Roof Stability During Sublevel Open Stoping with Backfill
    XIANG Weihua, LU Yanze, LIU Zhiyi, WANG Sheguang, WANG Lijie, GAN Deqing, CHEN Yanting, YANG Zhiqiang
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.011
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    For the southern area of the Shahe Zhongguan Iron Mine of Hebei Iron and Steel Group in the study, a stability calculation model for the drifting chamber pillars was constructed based on Platts theory of ground pressure and the Kastner Formula. The influence of various factors on the roof stability of the drifting chamber during sublevel open stoping with backfill was discussed, and the roof stability in two options: no pillars retained in the drifting chamber (Option 1) and pillars initially retained and subsequently caved along with the orebody (Option 2) were analyzed by numerical simulations. The results show that when the stope length ranges from 27 m to 45 m, the drifting chamber roof in Option 2 faces a higher risk of instability. With a stope length over 45 m, the roofs in both options are at risk of instability. Option 2 leads to stress concentration within the drifting chamber, with accelerated stress release observed in the roof and side walls. In contrast, Option 1 demonstrates more stable stress release and distribution in the drifting chamber, with a relatively delayed failure time. When the ore rock exhibits poor stability, Option 1 is more conducive to maintaining roof stability.
    • MINERAL PROCESSING
  • Effect of Impeller Speed and Particle Size on Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Field Characteristics of Flotation Machine
    NIU Fusheng, DOU Nianzhou, ZHANG Jinxia
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 77-83. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.012
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    By means of computational fluid dynamics simulation technology, the particle flow behavior in a XFD flotation machine was simulated with Euler's method, and the effects of impeller speed and particle size on the distribution characteristics in a solid-liquid two-phase flow field were explored to reveal fluid motion behavior in the flotation machine. The flotation kinetics of the flotation machine was also explored in terms of velocity field and turbulence intensity. The simulation results show that with a rotating speed at 1800 r/min, the liquid-phase flow moves at a maximum speed of 5.32 m/s, and the fluid motion velocity and kinetic energy of turbulent are higher in the rotor zone and the lower circulation zone. The flow field is relatively stable, which is suitable for mineral flotation separation. The particle size of fine-grained minerals has a minor influence on the solid-liquid two-phase flow characteristics in the flotation machine, and the pressure distribution of the rotor surface is closely related to the particle size. It is found that the kinetic energy of turbulent is significantly enhanced in the region between the stator and rotor, which can effectively promote the dispersion of hematite particles. In a hematite flotation test, the variation in concentrate grade and recovery obtained with different rotation speed of impellers was studied. It is shown that with impeller rotating at a speed of 1800 r/min, an iron concentrate with Fe grade of 66.35% and recovery of 85.34% can be produced. Based on the simulation of flow field of flotation machine, it is concluded that an impeller with a rotating speed of 1800 r/m is suitable for flotation operation.
  • New Cyanide-Free Separation Technology for Mo-Bi-S Bulk Concentrate
    LI Zhenxing, TANG Xuefeng, MA Wei, CHENG Zheng, WU Jiangyueen, ZHAO Hongdong, LI Wenheng
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 84-87. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.013
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Aiming at the Mo-Bi-S bulk concentrate from Hunan Shizhuyuan Nonferrous Metals Limited Company, a green, environmentally-friendly and efficient depressant (CYZ-15) and a new cyanide-free processing technique for Mo-Bi-S separation were developed. An experiment with the developed flowsheet produced a molybdenum concentrate grading 40.36% Mo at 92.98% recovery with a yield of 3.02%, and a bismuth concentrate grading 28.14% Bi at 95.64% recovery with a yield of 9.62%. It is shown that cyanide-free and efficient separation of Mo-Bi-S bulk concentrate can be actualized.
  • Investigation of Component Migration Behavior During a Combined Flotation, LIMS and HIMS Process for Recycling Blast Furnace Dust#br#
    TANG Honghu, XIONG Qi, ZENG Yong, JIN Zhaocheng, JIANG Feng, WANG Li, SUN Wei
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 88-93. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.014
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A processing technique consisting of flotation, low-intensity magnetic separation (LIMS) and high-intensity magnetic separation (HIMS) was proposed for recycling blast furnace dust. With kerosene as a collector and zinc sulfate as a depressant, a flotation process consisting of one roughing and two cleaning was adopted firstly for decarbonization. Then, the obtained tailings were processed by LIMS followed by HIMS to obtain an iron concentrate, and the zinc concentrate was produced as the magnetic separation tailings. The full flowsheet test produced a carbon concentrate grading 86.16% C at 88.74% recovery, an iron concentrate (LIMS concentrate) grading 55.75% Fe at 67.01% recovery, and a zinc concentrate grading 16.79% Zn at 75.74% recovery. The migration patterns of main elements during the whole separation process were analyzed by using XRD and SEM-EDS. It is found that iron concentrate is mainly magnetite, and zinc concentrate is mainly zinc oxide. The lost zinc minerals left in the iron concentrate are mostly ZnFe2O4 in dispersed distribution. Besides, some processing technique and product schemes are also proposed for the obtained difficult-to-treat HIMS concentrate.
  • New Flotation Process for Finely Disseminated Gold Ore
    LYU Zihu, LIANG Yanlong, ZHAO Dengkui, WANG Shoujing, LYU Liang, WU Dongyin, CHENG Hongwei
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 94-98. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.015
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A refractory ore characterized by ultra-fine gold particles disseminated therein was taken for flotation test. A technique of re-grinding and re-flotation of the middlings, together with the self-developed collector of ZHS-3, was adopted to enhance the collection of fine-grained gold, resulting in a gold concentrate grading 43.70 g/t Au at 74.29% recovery, and a secondary concentrate grading 15.60 g/t Au at 4.28% recovery. Two obtained products had a total gold grade of 39.79 g/t and recovery of 78.57%. It is shown that both gold grade and recovery are improved compared with conventional flotation processes. This processing technique can achieve efficient recovery of fine-grained gold, thus improving resource utilization.
  • Experimental Study on Reverse Flotation of Qidashan Iron Ore with Novel Low-Temperature Collector
    ZHENG Yechao, ZHAO Tonglin, YI Shuang, SONG Baoxu, MA Fangyuan, NAN Nan
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 99-103. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.016
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    A novel low-temperature collector was adopted in the reverse flotation of Qidashan iron ore. Based on a reverse flotation condition test at low temperature, closed-circuit reverse flotation tests at room temperature and low temperature, as well as the study on the mineral adsorption mechanism, it is found that under conditions including pulp temperature at 10 ℃, pH of 11.0, caustic starch as a depressor at an amount of 600 g/t, CaO as an activator at an amount of 750 g/t, CH collector at an amount of 1050 g/t, and pulp density of 30%, the reverse flotation consisting of one stage of roughing and one stage of cleaning can produce an iron concentrate grading 68.32% Fe at 70.76% recovery; the closed-circuit tests by adopting a process consisting of one stage of roughing, one stage of cleaning and three stages of scavenging at 10 ℃ can yield an iron concentrate grading 66.32% Fe at 85.14% recovery; while the close-circuit test at room temperature (25 ℃) results in 85.45% Fe recovery into an iron concentrate grading 67.31% Fe. It has proven that CH collector can bring good flotation effect at low temperatures. Infrared spectroscopy analysis, quartz contact angle testing and surface tension measurements indicate that CH collector has a stronger adsorption on quartz surfaces compared to traditional anionic collector sodium oleate.
  • Effect ofDepressant on Surface Properties of Marmatite During Dry Grinding 
    FU Kaibin, LI He, LIU Zeming, KONG Yunlong, ZHU Leming
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 104-109. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.017
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The effects of common depressants, including calcium oxide and calcium polysulfide, on the surface zeta potential of marmatite were studied by using dry grinding, and the influence of active ions such as Cu2+, Pb2+ and Ag+ on the surface atomic composition and chemical state of marcasite was explored by using XPS. It is found that after depression by calcium oxide and calcium polysulfide, the marmatite has its surface zeta potential shifted to varying degrees. After the marmatite interacts with calcium oxide, its surface zeta potential shifts positively, with point of zero charge at pH of6.43; after the marmatite interacts with calcium polysulfide, its surface zeta potential shifts negatively at low amplitude. Both calcium oxide and calcium polysulfide exhibit weak depression for marmatite. After activation by ions like Cu2+, Pb2+ and Ag+, the marmatite has sulfur atoms and metallic atoms on the surface at a ratio of 2.07, 1.34 and 1.07, respectively, all higher than the theoretical value (1.0) of sphalerite. Due to Cu2+ with its ionic radius similar to Zn2+ and Fe2+, facilitating strong ion substitution, marmatite presents a metal-deficient mineral phase on the surface, being bound to the surface S2-; while Pb2+ and Ag+ have their ionic radius quite different from Zn2+ and Fe2+, which can alter the surface phase composition of marmatite by adsorption and precipitation, but bring less impact to the ratio of sulfur and metallic atoms. As a result, polysulfides and sulfates exist on the surface of marmatite.
  • Experimental Study on Resource Utilization of Residue After Vanadium Extraction from Stone-Like Coal by Acid Leaching#br#
    LI Xinyuan, LIU Youcai, FU Jiangang, ZHANG Zuoqing, DENG Huixian, BAI Jingtao
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 110-114. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.018
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address issues such as land occupation and environmental hazards caused by stockpiling residues that are left after vanadium extraction from stone-like coal in the Western Hunan, a resource utilization scheme involving deep separation of carbon and ash was proposed. Firstly, coarse-grained minerals with ash content more than 94% were obtained by sieving, and the fine-grained undersize minerals were then subjected to flotation. A closed-circuit flotation test produced a concentrate with fixed carbon content of 32.86% and a higher heating value of 9832 kJ/kg, which could meet the calorific requirement for the coal added in boilers. The recovery of combustible matter was 73.50%, while the obtained tailings had an ash content of 96.14%, with a yield of 78.42%, and the loss on ignition was 4.98%. The toxicity test confirmed that hazardous components in the high-ash tailings did not exceed limits. Based on preliminary economic estimates, it is concluded that this technical approach is economically feasible
  • Effect of Quaternary Ammonium Salt Y28 on Flotation Performance ofDiaspore and Gangue Silicate Minerals 
    PENG Leihong, DENG Zhengbin, TANG Yun, WU Debao, LI Hongyan
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 115-119. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.019
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Experiments were performed to study the effect of quaternary ammonium salt Y28, as a collector, on the flotation performance of diaspore and gangue silicate minerals of kaolinite and muscovite, and the interaction mechanism between Y28 and the surface of minerals was also explored by analyzing adsorption capacity, contact angle, zeta potential, FTIR analysis and XPS analysis. The results show that with the collector Y28 at a dosage of 90 mg/L and pulp pH of 7, the recoveries of diaspore, kaolinite and muscovite were 25.63%,83.21% and 81.24%, respectively. The collector Y28 is primarily adsorbed onto the surface of the minerals by physical adsorption, with the adsorption strength in the following descending order: kaolinite>muscovite>diaspore.
  • Efficient Recovery of Panxi Ilmenite by Magnetic Fluid Coupling High-Gradient Magnetic Separation
    TANG Haifen, Shuwake·Sailike, YUE Xinhui, WANG Xiaohan, LI Bojia, ZHENG Xiayu
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 120-124. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.020
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    An experimental research was conducted on efficient recovery of ilmenite from Panzhihua City by magnetic fluid coupling high-gradient magnetic separation. With MnCl2 concentration of 40%, magnetic induction intensity of 0.6 T, and pulsation frequency of 400 r/min, the ilmenite was processed by magnetic fluid coupling high-gradient magnetic separation, including one roughing and three cleaning, resulting in a titanium concentrate grading 46.89% TiO2 at 38.30% recovery. It is shown that the obtained indices are comparable to those obtained from industrial production by adopting magnetic separation combined with flotation process.

  • Experimental Research on Beneficiation of Ultra-fine Low-Grade Calcite-Containing Phosphorite from Hebei
    WANG Long, YAN Leichao, WANG Xiangyuan, LI Jiachao, HAN Guoying, CAI Guiliang, LIU Zhaowang
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 125-129. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.021
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The ultra-fine low-grade calcite-containing apatite concentrate that comes from Hebei Province cannot meet the grade 
    requirementand is difficult to be utilized. For solving this problem, an experimental research was carried out to improve the concentrate grade. A depressant of CD-8 was adopted for calcite, the dominate gangue mineral affecting the grade of apatite concentrate, and a collector of CK-P with high selectivity was adopted for apatite. A closed-circuit experiment was performed with a direct flotation flowsheet, consisting of one roughing, one scavenging and three cleaning, with middlings sequentially returned. As a result, a phosphate concentrate with P2O5 grade of 32.02% was finally obtained with a recovery of 70.92%. This flowsheet was applied to industrial production with normal operation and stable flotation indicators，indicating that efficient utilization of such ultra-fine and refractory phosphorus resource was actualized.
    • METALLURGY
  • Experimental Study on Separation and Quality Improvement of Boron-Bearing Iron Ore
    YUAN Zhuang, CHEN Wen, WANG Xiang, LIU Xiaoyin, PENG Zeyou, LI Jialin
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 130-135. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.022
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Based on experimental studies on separation and quality improvement for a boron-bearing iron ore, a scheme for boron extraction and sulfur reduction was proposed, and a metallurgical process combined with mineral processing was determined, which consists of activation roasting, grinding, alkali leaching and magnetic separation. After activation roasting at 650 ℃ for 90 min in a neutral atmosphere, the obtained roasted ore was ground to a fineness of -0.075 mm 83.28%, and then leached for 60 min at 100 ℃, with liquid-to-solid ratio of 3∶1, leaching reagent of NaOH at a concentration of 15%, and stirring speed of 180 r/min. A boron-bearing mother liquor was obtained, with leaching rate of B2O3 at 94.62%. The leaching residue was subjected to conventional magnetic separation, resulting in an iron concentrate grading 54.94% TFe, containing 0.24% B2O3 and 0.077% S. It is concluded that boron can be fully recovered and the quality of iron concentrate can be also improved by adopting this processing scheme.
  • Synthesis of Functionalized Schwertmanite and Its Adsorption Behavior of Arsenic from Leaching Solution of Gold with Copper(Ⅱ)-Ethylenediamine-Thiosulfate#br#
    LI Jiao, YANG Rencong, ZHANG Chi, LI Xinrong, ZI Futing
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 136-141. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.023
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    As for the leaching solution of gold with copper(II)-ethylenediamine-thiosulfate, an adsorbent (TTAB@Sch) was prepared by modifying schwertmannite (Sch) with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), and applied to adsorb arsenic therein. 
    The effects of Cu2+ concentration, ethylenediamine concentration, S2O32- concentration, solution pH and initial arsenic mass concentration on the adsorption of arsenic by TTAB@Sch were explored. The results show that with the addition of FeSO4·7H2O, KMnO4 and TTAB at amounts of 10, 1 and 2 g/L respectively, the prepared TTAB@Sch exhibits optimal adsorption behavior. As for the leaching solution with Cu2+ concentration of 5 mmol/L, ethylenediamine concentration of 12.5 mmol/L, initial arsenic mass concentration of 12.29 mg/L, and pH of 10, the adsorption rate of arsenic therein by TTAB@Sch can reach 87.2%. Furthermore, FT-IR and XPS analyses indicated that arsenic was likely adsorbed on TTAB@Sch by forming Fe—O—As.
  • Development Status and Prospects of Lateritic Nickel Ore
    YU Jianwen, GUO Yize, WANG Jiaqi, HAN Yuexin, LI Yanjun, GAO Peng
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 142-150. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.024
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    Based on an introduction of nickel resource and characteristics of lateritic nickel ore, the technical features and application of traditional hydrometallurgical processes (such as high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL), reduction roasting-ammonia leaching) and pyrometallurgical processes (such as rotary kiln electric furnace (RKEF), blast furnace smelting process for ferronickel production, and rotary kiln direct reduction-magnetic separation) are summarized. A new process of suspension roasting pre-reduction electric furnace (SRPEF) is specially introduced. Finally, the prospects for efficient exploitation and clean extraction technologies for lateritic nickel ore are discussed.
  • Purification of Spherical Graphite by Alkali-Acid Method
    ZHANG Wenxue, QIU Yangshuai, ZHANG Lingyan
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 151-157. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.025
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    To address the issues of low purity and high consumption of alkali and acid during chemical purification of graphite, Luobei spherical graphite was taken to explore the occurrence state of impurities therein and to perform tests on its purification by alkali-acid method. A novel alkali-acid method was developed, which consists of stirring with alkali under negative-positive pressure and pressure acid leaching. This purification process is conducted in the following steps with the optimized conditions: firstly leave graphite in a vacuum for 35 min with vacuum degree of -0.15 MPa, and then stir for 40 min under pressure of 0.19 MPa at 120 ℃ by adding NaOH at a concentration of 40%, with NaOH solution and spherical graphite in a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1.0 mL/g; after 120 min roasting at 550 ℃, acid leaching with HCl at a concentration of 2.5 mol/L is performedunder pressure of 0.16 MPa at 118 ℃ for 90 min, with HCl solution and graphite in a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1.0 mL/g. As a result, the fixed carbon content in the purified graphite is up from 95.35% to 99.96%.
  • Experimental Study on Recovering Copper from Acid Leachate of Waste Circuit Boards by Solvent Extraction
    LIU Lin, WANG Wei, LIU Hongzhao, CAO Yaohua, WANG Ke, ZHAO Junli
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 158-162. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.026
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    In order to recycle the waste circuit boards, the acid leachate with a copper content of 34.33 g/L was treated by adopting solvent extraction to recover the copper therein. The effects of extractant type, extraction time, phase ratio, extractant concentration, and extraction temperature on copper extraction efficiency were all investigated. The results show that with AD100 as the copper extractant, phase ratio (VO/VA) at 1∶3, and extractant concentration of 60%, an oscillating extraction at room temperature of 25 ℃ for 10 min can result in the copper extraction rate of 96.62%. Then, a back-extraction process is adopted to treat the organic phase with oxalic acid, producing copper oxalate, which can be calcined to obtained copper oxide products.
  • Selective Leaching of Spent LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4 in a System ofDL-Malic Acid and Sodium Persulfate 
    LIU Yongqi, GONG Qinxue, ZHOU Qi, ZHENG Yu, YANG Yunguang, TANG Honghui
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 163-167. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.027
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    With spent lithium manganese iron phosphate cathode powder as raw material, a leaching system of DL-malic acid combined with sodium persulfate was employed to selectively recover Li, Mn and Fe elements. The effects of factors, including DL-malic acid concentration, molar ratio of Na2S2O8 to LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time on the leaching rates of Li, Fe, Mn and P were investigated. Then, the left leaching residue was analyzed by using SEM and XRD, and the leachate was analyzed by FTIR. Results show that with DL-malic acid at a concentration of 0.4 mol/L, Na2S2O8 and LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4 at a molar ratio of 0.4, liquid-to-solid ratio of 15 mL/g, 3 h leaching process at 30 ℃can bring the leaching rates of Li, Fe, Mn and P at 98.76%, 2.37%, 96.89% and 52.45%, respectively, and also Li, Fe, Mn and P in the leachate in a mass concentration of 2.98, 0.21, 12.66 and 6.52 g/L, respectively. It is found that iron phosphate is the dominant component in the leaching residue. During the leaching process, DL-malic acid and Mn2+ form a complex that can be solved in leachate, leading to efficient separation between iron and manganese.
  • Effect of Heat Treatment on Crystalline Form Evolution ofCalcium Arsenate and Arsenic Leaching
    LI Zhonglin, PENG Biao, XU Ye, LUO Wenbin, WANG Lusen, WANG Shengjie, LI Yibing
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 168-172. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.028
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    Effects of roasting temperature and heating rate on the crystalline form evolution of calcium arsenate during heat treatment were investigated. The heat-treated calcium arsenate was leached by strong acids (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, aqua regia), and the relationship between the crystalline form of calcium arsenate and arsenic concentration in leaching solution was investigated. The results show that calcium arsenate undergoes significant crystalline form transition during roasting process, and higher roasting temperature can result in higher degree of crystallization. The heat-treated calcium arsenate is leached with acids and it is shown that less arsenic is leached out as the roasting temperature rises. After calcium arsenate is subjected to roasting at 500 ℃, the concentration of arsenic in the leaching solution can meet GB 5085.3—2007. After calcium arsenate is subjected to a roasting process at 900 ℃ and above, the concentration of arsenic in the leaching solution satisfied GB 3838—2002.
  • Experimental Study on Direct Nitridation of Aluminum Ash for Nitrogen Enrichment
    DING Wanwu, YUAN Haodeng, WEI Guoli, YU Haicun, AN Jiazhi, ZHU Xiaofeng
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 173-179. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.029
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    A stockpile of hazardous waste aluminum ash generated during aluminum smelting has posed serious environmental pollution risks. In order to solve this, a novel approach is proposed, in which the nitrogen-enriched aluminum ash is used in the steelmaking process to promote microalloying with vanadium and nitrogen. Aluminum ash is heated and stir-fried in a nitrogen atmosphere, resulting in its reaction with nitrogen gas, thereby increasing the nitrogen level therein. The effects of reaction temperature, aluminum content and particle size on the nitrogen enrichment of aluminum ash were investigated, and the nitrogen-enriched aluminum ash was characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS. The results show that under the suitable conditions for nitrogen enrichment, including reaction temperature of 880 ℃, initial aluminum content of 45% (aluminum powder), and nitrogen flow rate at 4 L/min, the nitrogen content in the aluminum ash can be improved from 1.18% to 11.90%. During this process, metallic aluminum in the ash reacts with nitrogen gas to form AlN on the surface of alumina particles.
    • MATERIALS
  • Electrochemical Performance of MXene-Coaded Cotton-Derived Biochar as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
    BAI Shiwei, TANG Zhengfang, CAI Xiangbing, QIN Zihao, YANG Bo, WU Qianhui, LIAO Zhijian, LIU Jiequn, ZHONG Shengkui
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 180-184. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.030
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    MXene and cotton-derived biochar were prepared by modified acid etching and high-temperature carbonization, respectively. Based on their characterization with SEM and XRD, a suitable mass ratio of MXene to the cotton-derived biochar for modification purpose was determined. The electrochemical properties of the materials were further explored by performing charge-discharge and cyclic voltammetry tests, and using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It is shown that the MXene delivers an initial discharge specific capacity of 434.3 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g. A composite with MXene and cotton-derived biochar in a mass ratio of 1∶3 can deliver an initialdischarge specific capacity of 1486.60 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, exhibiting excellent cycling performance, rate capability and electrical conductivity, which can provide a reference for application of MXene in lithium-ion batteries.
  • Precipitation Behavior of Ti-Containing Inclusions During Solidification of Ti Microalloyed High-Strength Steel
    LIU Aihua, KONG Lingnan, LI Chunhui, QI Jianghua, CHEN Zhiguo, YANG Yuchen, LI Fei
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 185-190. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.031
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    Effects of elements Ti and N on the precipitation behavior of TiN inclusions during the solidification of Ti-microalloyed high-strength steel were studied by thermodynamic calculation and microscopic analysis. Thermodynamic calculation results indicate that the precipitation of TiN inclusions is unavoidable atthe solidification front, butcan be delayed by reducing the value of w(N)0×w(Ti)0. The final size of TiN inclusions is mainly affected by the initial nitrogen content in molten steel, and TiN inclusions can be smaller by reducing the initial nitrogen content. Microscopic analysis shows that with the contents (mass fraction) of Ti and N decreasing from 0.12% and 0.005% to 0.08% and 0.003%, respectively, the number density and average size of TiN inclusions can be decreased by 27.1% and 50.2%, which also confirms the thermodynamic calculation results.
  • Application and Prospects of Photo-Curing for Ceramic
    ZHANG Xuan, ZHONG Jiani, YU Fengying, ZHAN Lina, LIU Yao
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 191-197. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.032
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    The fundamental principles of stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and two-photon polymerization (TPP) in photo-curing technique for ceramic were reviewed. Based on systematical introduction and analysis of the research status, application fields of SLA, DLP, and TPP technologies, as well as the existing challenges, a comprehensive review was provided of ceramic slurries and their performance optimization, photo-curing mechanisms, and subsequent debinding and sintering processes. Finally, prospects for obtaining ceramic slurries with high performance, finished products with superior mechanical properties and translating research outcomes into practical applications were discussed. Furthermore, several recommendations were proposed, including increasing the types of ceramic slurries, accelerating the development of composite ceramic materials, and making more efforts in research of large-size ceramic components.
  • Effect of Carbon Coating Structure on Performance of SiO-Based Battery Material
    CHEN Gongzhe, LI Zhongliang
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 198-202. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.033
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    Three types of carbon-coated silicon monoxide (SiO) materials were synthesized with different carbon sources and coating methods, and then their physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance were analyzed. 
    A uniform and dense carbon film on the surface of material can be obtained by using a gaseous carbon source for vapor-phase coating. While a solid carbon source for liquid-phase coating leads to an uneven and loose film on the surface. With a combination of these two coating methods, the obtained carbon film on the surface can exhibit characteristics of two methods, including inner porous layer and outer dense layer. Electrochemical testing shows that with the combined coating method, the synthesized carbon-coated material delivers a specific capacity of 1688.45 mAh/g, presenting the first charge-discharge efficiency of 76.13% and the capacity retention rate of 79.6% after 100 charge-discharge cycles.
  • Effect of Vacuum Hot-Pressing Sintering Time on Microstructures and Properties of Al-30%Sc Alloy
    XU Hao, BAI Song, WANG Xiaofeng
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 203-206. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.034
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    The effect of vacuum hot-pressing sintering time on phase composition, microstructure, and densification of Al-30%Sc aluminum alloy were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. Results show that after a sintering process at 630 ℃ under 30 MPa, the prepared alloy samples exhibit good uniformity. As sintering time prolongs, the content of Al3Sc phase in the alloy decreases but the content of Al2Sc phase increases, and the density and grain sizeremain virtually unchanged.
  • Photocatalytic Properties of Marmatite and Its Calcined Product
    WANG Yuanfan, ZHAO Yufei, ZHANG Xin, LIU Xiaowen
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 207-211. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.035
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    Marmatite was calcined and thenused as photocatalyst to degrade organic dye methylene blue (MB) under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The degradation mechanism of this photocatalyst was investigated by using UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) and performing free radical capture experiments. It is found that the marmatite calcined at 660 ℃ exhibits a great photocatalytic property, with the degradation rate of MB up to 98.46% within 240 min. In the calcined marmatite products, the ternary heterojunction is more conducive to the effective separation of photogenerated charge carriers than the binary heterojunction, thus leading to an improved photocatalytic performance.
  • Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Service Performance of Cladded Coating of Austenitic Stainless Steel #br#
    JI Xiaoke, MAO Yong, LI Mao, ZHANG Haiyu, JIAN Feilong, ZHUANG Lei, WANG Weicheng, WANG Mingjing, LIU Eryong
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 212-217. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.036
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    As for the current situation of component segregation and significant brittleness tendency in laser cladded coating of austenitic stainless steel, an austenitic cladded coating was prepared by adopting laser cladding technology, and then effects of preheating and annealing treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties and service performance (corrosion and corrosive wear) of the cladded coating and heat-affected zone (HAZ) were investigated. The results show that the phase composition of the austenitic coating after preheating or annealing process remains predominantly austenitic, exhibiting only grain growth and a preferential orientation shift towards the (111) crystal plane. Both the cladded coating and HAZ have decreased hardness, but significant improvement in the tensile strength and elongation. This is because that the heat treatment not only reduces the intergranular fracture tendency of the cladded coating but also improves the ductile fracture tendency of the HAZ. Furthermore, preheating or annealing process can enhance the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the austenitic cladded coating, among which annealing process can bring a significant effect. These improvements are attributed to the synergistic effect of reduced component segregation and enhanced plasticity and toughness in both cladded coating and HAZ.
  • Effect of Finish Rolling Temperature on Texture Evolution of 3104 Aluminum Alloy for Tank Material
    ZHAO Qianyu, YE Lingying, WEI Weichang, HE Haitong, LIU Xiaoteng, CAO Gaohui, TANG Jianguo
    Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 2025, 45(3): 218-223. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.037
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    The 3104 aluminum alloy treated by hot tandem mills at different finish rolling temperature (FRT) was taken as the samples in the experiment to investigate the effect of FRT on its microstructure and texture evolutionduring the subsequent cold rolling and intermediate annealing processes. It is found that as the FRT for the 3104 aluminum alloy sample rises, the hot-rolled sheet presents highly recrystallization level, with increased volume fraction of Cube texture and decreased volume fractions of Brass, S and Copper textures. Furthermore, as FRT rises, the average grain size of the intermediate annealed sheet increases, and also the volume fraction of Cube texture in the cold-rolled sheet before intermediate annealing process increases, which is unfavorable for the formation of a strong Cube texture after annealing. As a result, the volume fraction of Cube texture in the final cold-rolled sheet decreases.
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